The discipline vs complement role of product market competition and market power: Evidence from real earnings management in an emerging market

We empirically study the role of product market competition and market power, discipline vs complement role, on real earnings management (REM) in Indonesia. Using 1800 firm-year observations from 2012 to 2020, we discover that the competition has an inverse association with REM, implying that product market competition plays a role in disciplining managers from engaging REM. Despite the negative association observed, we do not have evidence of any significant relationship between market power and REM. These findings hold for a set of robustness tests. We also evidenced that the discipline role of competition in REM will be more pronounced after the Economic ASEAN Community (EAC) period and pre-COVID-19 as well as in small firms and income-increasing firms. Although we cannot include corporate governance variable in our model due to data constrain, to the best of our knowledge, the current study will be the first study examining the role of market competition and market power on REM by considering the external shock, EAC period and COVID19, in emerging market such as Indonesia. This study implies that government and capital market regulators need to design and issue new laws or regulations that can encourage the internal governance structure to maximize the potential role of market power to mitigate REM. © 2023 The Author(s). This open access article is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 license.

Augmented Reality Media Development in Early Childhood Learning System During the Covid 19 Pandemic Era

The phenomenon of the COVID-19 pandemic has changed the experience of children in the independent and responsible learning process. The policy of online learning carried out from home has been implemented in Early Childhood Education. The implementation of technological innovation needs to be applied to transform knowledge. The development of learning technology using Augmented Reality (A.R.) is the realization of needs actually by the media in early childhood learning materials. This research method uses a qualitative strand to explore in-depth information related to children's perceptions of initial data. Meanwhile, the quantitative strand data collection was used to measure the results of the widely implemented A.R. learning product trials dominant by strengthening quantitative data. The product development approach with exploratory sequential mix methods is a guideline for researching plural data collection. In developing A.R. learning media, it was found that 78.28% of learning media needs were related to learning motivation to use these technological devices. The development of A.R. media for early childhood leads to the theme of the surrounding environment that was previously designed through a storyboard. Implementation and evaluation of A.R. learning media for early childhood shows that using media is 83.7% from cognitive outcomes that support online learning. Cognitive abilities foster children's imagination in realizing ideas into expressions in exploring behavior in the environment during the learning period at home. Research findings from the application of children's learning technology can connect meaningful contextual sources and respond with enthusiasm. The meaning of learning media for early childhood is an effort to bring children's psychology closer during "Learning to Home"learning which creates situations and conditions with technology and digitalization in education in the era of disruption that can change the existing system order. © 2021 ACM.